Participants in research early in psychology’s history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, texture, and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called
hypnosis.
objective introspection.
psychosurgery.
psychoanalysis.
Question 2. Question : (TCO 4) As part of a psychology experiment, Brett decides to measure a person’s “anxiety” by noting the number of blinks a person makes in a 20-minute social interaction with a stranger. Brett appears to have offered a(n) _____ of anxiety.
variable
operational definition
theory
hypothesis
Question 3. Question : (TCOs 2, 3) Marta was in an automobile accident and suffered an injury to her brain, resulting in the paralysis of her left arm. What part of Marta’s brain was injured?
Auditory association area
Motor cortex
Association areas
Somatosensory cortex
(TCOs 2, 3) What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?
Action potential
Resting potential
Myelination signal
Transmission impulse
Question 5. Question : (TCOs 2, 3) _____ synapses make it more likely that a neuron will send its message to other neurons, whereas _____ synapses make it less likely that a neuron will send its message.
Excitatory; inhibitory
Inhibitory; excitatory
Augmentation; depletion
Depletion; augmentation
Question 6. Question : (TCO 4) In the process known as _____, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
sensation
sensory fatigue
sensory adaptation
discrimination
Question 7. Question : (TCO 4) If a person hears a tone of 300 Hz, three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain—the first group for the first 100 Hz, the second group for the next 100 Hz, and a third for the next 100 Hz. This principle is known as the
place theory.
volley theory.
frequency theory.
rotational theory.
Question 8. Question : (TCO 4) Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if the information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with that from the vestibular organs, according to the _____ of motion sickness.
sensory conflict theory
motor conflict theory
vestibular conflict theory
semicircular canal conflict theory
Question 9. Question : (TCO 5) You see an advertisement for a method of learning a foreign language that seems simple—just put on a tape and fall asleep. The accompanying description cites proof that people can learn while asleep. Being a good psychological detective, what question would you ask about the offered proof?
Did the individuals actually dream about the foreign language?
What did the EEG indicate about the participants’ level of sleep?
Did the researchers use only long sleepers who would spend more time with the tapes?
Were study breaks included in the tape to provide greater comprehension of the material?
Question 10. Question : (TCO 5) You are telling a joke to your friend, who is laughing uproariously and then suddenly collapses to the floor. You are not surprised to later learn that he has a sleep disorder known as ¬¬¬
enuresis.
narcolepsy.
sleep terror.
daytime insomnia.
Question 11. Question : (TCO 5) A student nurse looks at a patient’s chart and does not understand the meaning of serious sleep apnea, so she asks the head nurse for assistance. How might the head nurse describe this condition?
The patient is mentally ill and tends to try to suffocate himself at times.
The patient cannot sleep unless he uses several pillows to deaden sounds that might awaken him.
The patient appears to awaken throughout the night and start walking, but he will not respond to commands.
The patient has a potentially life-threatening condition in which air does not flow into or out of his nose or mouth for periods of time while he is asleep.
Question 12. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n)
unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus.
unconditioned response.
conditioned response.
Question 13. Question : (TCOs 7, 8) Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son’s face and yells at the top of their lungs “Shut up!” He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
The parents are using negative reinforcement to increase their son’s screaming.
The parents are in a very dysfunctional marriage; their child’s screaming is his way of trying to get his parents to remain married.
The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
Their son probably learned how to scream by observing his parents at home and now he is reinforced on a variable-interval schedule of reinforcement.
(TCOs 7, 8) A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can’t break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?
attention
memory
imitation
desire
Question 2. Question : (TCO 7) Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam, there is a question that asks her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War. Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too late. Janie had a problem with
encoding.
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